A photovoltaic cell converts solar radiation into direct current electricity. It consists of two layers of p-type silicon and n-type silicon separated by a thin layer of dielectric material.

The first step in creating a photovoltaic cell is to create a p-n junction. P-type silicon has a negative charge while n-type silicon has a positive charge. When light shines on the surface of the cell, electrons from the n-type side move toward the p-type side, leaving holes behind. As the electrons travel across the p-n junction, they release energy which creates an electric field. The electric field then pulls the electrons back towards the n-side, completing the circuit.